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Nowadays, little 

hahahaha got a problem from his teacher.His teacher wants to design a big logo for the campus with some circles tangent with each other. And now, here comes the problem. The teacher want to draw the logo on a big plane. You could see the example of the graph in the Figure1Figure1 

At first, hahahaha's teacher gives him two bigbig circles, which are tangent with each other. And, then, he wants to add more small circles in the area where is outside of the small circle, but on the other hand, inside the bigger one (you may understand this easily if you look carefully at the Figure1Figure1. 

Each small circles are added by the following principles. 

* you should add the small circles in the order like Figure1Figure1. 

* every time you add a small circle, you should make sure that it is tangented with the other circles (2 or 3 circles) like Figure1Figure1. 

     

The teacher wants to know the total amount of pigment he would use when he creates his master piece.hahahaha doesn't know how to answer the question, so he comes to you. 

TaskTask 

The teacher would give you the number of small circles he want to add in the figure. You are supposed to write a program to calculate the total area of all the small circles. 

InputThe first line contains a integer t(1≤t≤1200)t(1≤t≤1200), which means the number of the test cases. For each test case, the first line insist of two integers R1R1 and R2R2 separated by a space (1≤R≤1001≤R≤100), which are the radius of the two big circles. You could assume that the two circles are internally tangented. The second line have a simple integer NN (1≤N≤10 000 0001≤N≤10 000 000), which is the number of small circles the teacher want to add. 

OutputFor each test case: 

Contains a number in a single line, which shows the total area of the small circles. You should out put your answer with exactly 5 digits after the decimal point (NO SPJ). 

Sample Input

25 414 51

Sample Output

3.141593.14159

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这个是题目，很快就看懂了，而且我有了一堆关系可以用，比如第几个圆，还有些相切的关系

但这个题我肯定是要用题解方法做的，不然精度炸飞

援引自百度百科，百度百科来源于一篇论文（见《笛卡尔定理与一类多圆相切问题》（作者：王永喜、李奋平）。）

若平面上四个半径为r

1、r

2、r

3、r

4的圆两两相切于不同点，则其半径满足以下结论：

（1）若四圆两两外切，则

 

 

；

（2）若半径为r

1、r

2、r

3的圆内切于半径为r

4的圆中，则

 

 

。

笛卡尔定理在 中也有类似的结论：若五个球的半径是r

i(1,2,...,5)，满足任意一个球与其他四个球外切，则

 

 

。

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这个为什么是成立的呢

可以从最简单的推

设三个圆的半径分别是a,b,c

然后就

 

这道题和论文中的这个内容相似

 

把1替换成r，2替换成R就可以对这个图进行求解

有个专业术语叫

 

有些美妙吧

 

#include
      
       using namespace std;const double eps=1e-13;const double PI=acos(-1.0);int main(){    int T;    scanf("%d",&T);    while(T--)    {        int R,r,n;        scanf("%d%d%d",&R,&r,&n);        if(R
       
        eps; i+=2)        {            ans+=t;            if(i+1<=n)ans+=t;            double k5=2*(k1+k2+k4)-k3;            k3=k4;            k4=k5;            t=1./k4/k4;        }        printf("%.5f\n",ans*PI);    }    return 0;}
       
      

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